Candolle cited also a synonym from L’Obel (p. italicum) were indicated as collected by Candolle himself, but we have not further proof of this statement. Note that according to CHG several specimens in G-DC from Tuscany (as that of Ci. italicum with a detailed Latin description, with the provenance (“In ruderatis Etruriae et agri Romani” transl.: “In ruderal environments of Tuscany and the surroundings of Rome”), and a taxonomic note. The members of this section are mostly biennial without vegetative multiplication, and they are characterized by pinnatifid and usually coriaceous leaves with segments divided into two divaricate basal lobes and with rigid setae (more properly, spines according to Keil ) on the upper surface of the blade, medium to large heads, middle involucral bracts with toothed margins, a narrow appendage abruptly contracted into one terminal and robust awn, corolla tube longer than limb (this latter more or less divided up to half), and pappus shorter to subequal than corolla (see e.g., ). ex Duby) is an extremely difficult group from the taxonomical point of view, and some taxa are only provisionally accepted (. Among the three sections currently recognized in Europe, sect. Presl.: Cardueae Cass.) is a large genus comprising more than 450 species (as many as 491 according to POWO ), usually biennial or perennial spiny herbs, distributed in the northern hemisphere but also naturalized worldwide ().
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